Safety and long-term outcomes following bypass surgery in pediatric versus adult patients with Moyamoya disease: a multicenter cohort study.

El-Hajj Victor Gabriel, Roy Joanna M, Musmar Basel, Naamani Kareem El, Piper Keenan, et al.

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成人煙霧病中,童年起病者腦出血發生率 57.1%,是成年起病者的 4 倍;脈絡膜通道過度發育(OR 6.78)是最強獨立預測因子。

  • 童年起病的成人煙霧病患者腦出血風險是成年起病者的 4.31 倍,且平均發病年齡早近十歲(34 vs 43 歲)。
  • 脈絡膜通道充分發育(Grade 2)是預測腦出血最強的獨立因子,勝算比達 6.78,優於整體疾病分期。
  • 童年起病組間接繞道手術 Grade 2 達成率 85.7%,遠高於成年起病組的 40.4%,顯示更強的血管新生能力。

成人煙霧病患者中,兒時便已發病、症狀輕微未獲診斷的一群人,腦出血發生率高達 57.1%,遠超同為成人但發病於成年期者的 14.5%;多變量分析顯示「童年起病」本身就是獨立的出血預測因子,勝算比達 4.31 倍。富山大學神經外科團隊首次系統性描述這一族群的臨床與血管影像特徵,指出長達數十年的血流動力學壓力使側枝血管過度發育,反而成為日後出血的隱患。

童年起病、成年才確診:一個長期被忽視的煙霧病亞型

煙霧病(Moyamoya Disease, MMD)是一種罕見的腦血管疾病,特徵是頸內動脈末端逐漸狹窄閉塞,腦底異常增生細小側枝血管,影像上猶如一縷煙霧。兒童期患者多以短暫性腦缺血發作(TIA,transient ischemic attack)或缺血性腦中風表現,通常可獲早期診斷。然而,部分兒童症狀極為輕微、一度消退後便未受醫療關注,直到成年才以腦出血或缺血性中風再度發病。這群「童年起病、成年確診」患者過去從未被單獨研究。本研究納入 2013 至 2018 年間 69 名成人 MMD 患者(共 116 個受累半球),依病史分為童年起病組(14 人,26 半球)與成年起病組(55 人,90 半球),系統比較其臨床與血管影像差異。

57% 腦出血率:高血流需求驅動側枝過度發育的長遠代價

童年起病組平均年齡 34.0 歲,比成年起病組的 43.3 歲年輕將近十歲,卻承受了截然不同的出血負擔——腦出血發生率 57.1% 對比 14.5%(P = 0.009)。血管影像分析揭示可能的機轉:童年起病組的豆狀核紋狀體通道(lenticulostriate channel)及脈絡膜通道(choroidal channel)發育程度均顯著較高,尤其脈絡膜通道差異極為顯著(P < 0.001)。「拱頂煙霧」(vault moyamoya)——顱外血管自發滲透顱內形成的另類側枝——在童年起病組出現率高達 88.5%,成年起病組僅 27.8%(P < 0.001)。研究者援引文獻指出,兒童期腦血流量約為成人的 1.8 至 2 倍(Kennedy & Sokoloff 1957;Ogawa et al. 1987),更高的代謝需求迫使側枝血管在疾病早期便大幅增生;這些脆弱血管長期承受血流動力學壓力,終在成年後破裂出血。

多變量分析:脈絡膜通道充分發育是最強的獨立出血預測因子

在多變量邏輯回歸中,兩項因子獨立預測腦出血發生:童年起病(OR 4.31,95% CI 1.21–15.4,P = 0.025)與脈絡膜通道 Grade 2(充分發育)(OR 6.78,95% CI 1.78–25.8,P = 0.005)。值得注意的是,兩組患者的 Suzuki 血管影像分期並無顯著差異(P = 0.32),說明側枝通道的發育程度比整體疾病分期更能反映出血風險。這與日本成人煙霧病隨機試驗(JAM Trial)的補充分析一致:出血型 MMD 患者的丘腦及脈絡膜通道發育顯著優於缺血型患者。這些發現提示,對成人 MMD 患者問診時應主動詢問童年期是否有短暫性神經症狀,以識別這一高出血風險亞型。

間接繞道手術在童年起病組效果更佳,Grade 2 達成率 85.7%

術後血管影像追蹤進一步顯示,間接繞道手術(encephalo-duro-myo-arterio-pericranio synangiosis,EDAMPS)在童年起病組的效果明顯優於成年起病組:Grade 2 達成率(覆蓋超過 2/3 的大腦中動脈供血區)分別為 85.7%40.4%(P = 0.002)。過去研究已知兒童患者的間接繞道幾乎全部可達高度發育,但成人僅 67.9–77.6%;本研究進一步顯示,即使是成人患者,只要具有童年起病的生物學背景,其自發性血管新生能力仍然突出。多變量分析中,並未找到可顯著預測間接繞道發育程度的臨床或影像學因子,確切機制有待更大樣本的多中心研究釐清。

成人煙霧病問診時主動詢問童年期症狀史,可識別腦出血風險高達 4.31 倍、且間接繞道手術效果更佳的高風險亞型。

Abstract

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a progressive cerebrovascular disorder and an important cause of childhood stroke. Surgical revascularization is the established treatment for symptomatic disease. However, comparative data examining perioperative safety and long-term outcomes between pediatric and adult patients remain limited. This study hence aimed to evaluate whether age influences postoperative complications, early neurological outcomes, and long-term stroke risk following direct and/or indirect bypass surgery. We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study of patients with MMD who underwent surgical revascularization at 13 academic centers across North America between 2008 and 2022. The primary outcomes were overall postoperative complications and long-term stroke occurrence. Comparisons between pediatric (≤ 18 years) and adult (> 18 years) hemispheres were performed using overlap propensity score weighting (PSW) to adjust for differences in baseline characteristics. Sensitivity analyses were conducted in patients with ≥ 2 years of follow-up. A total of 567 hemispheres (523 adult, 44 pediatric) were included. Adults had higher rates of vascular comorbidities, whereas pediatric patients more frequently presented with congenital conditions and earlier Suzuki grades. Pre- and post-PSW analyses demonstrated no significant age-related differences in outcomes (p ≥ 0.05). On weighted regression, age was not associated with postoperative complications (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.41-2.05), discharge neurological status (mRS: OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.52-2.21; and NIHSS: OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.45-2.10), or long-term cerebrovascular events (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.28-2.74). On sensitivity analysis of patients with > 2 years of follow-up, no pediatric hemispheres experienced stroke compared with 12% of adult hemispheres, though this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.14). Despite marked differences in baseline comorbidities and angiographic severity, pediatric and adult patients experienced similar perioperative outcomes and long-term stroke risk after bypass surgery. These findings support the durability and safety of both direct and indirect revascularization across age groups.